The Internet
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The Internet, or simply the Net, is the publicly accessible
worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit
data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol
(IP). It is made up of thousands of smaller commercial, academic,
domestic, and government networks. It carries various information
and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and the
interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.
Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web
are not synonymous: the Internet is a collection of interconnected
computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, etc.;
the Web is a collection of interconnected documents, linked by
hyperlinks and URLs, and is accessible using the Internet. |
Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its
infrastructure, the Internet is held together by bi- or
multi-lateral commercial contracts (for example peering agreements)
and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to
exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is essentially
defined by its interconnections and routing policies.
As of January 2006, over 1 billion people use the Internet according
to Internet World Stats.
The Internet is also having a profound impact on work, leisure,
knowledge and worldviews.Creation of the InternetThe USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the U.S. to create the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in February 1958 to regain
a technological lead. DARPA created the Information Processing
Technology Office to further the research of the Semi Automatic
Ground Environment program, which had networked country-wide radar
systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected
to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential
unifying human revolution. Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to
head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the
technology on the work of Paul Baran who had written an exhaustive
study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching to
make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the
first node went live at UCLA on October 29, 1969 on what would be
called the ARPANET, the "eve" network of today's Internet. In
December of 1970, Charles A. Petrik contacted the U.S. Navy and
suggested that a special communications network, that the Department
of Defense had built for use in the possibility of a nuclear attack,
could also be used during peace time. Petrik convinced the military
to connect the computers of the U.S. National Laboratories for
scientific research purposes, and to allow these labs to get data to
other labs faster, and safer. The vast majority of today's Internet
uses version four of the IP protocol (i.e. IPv4), and although IPv6
is standardized, it exists only as "islands" of connectivity, and
there are many ISPs who don't have any IPv6 connectivity at all.
The first TCP/IP wide area network was operational by January 1,
1983 (this is technically the birth of the Internet), when the
United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a
university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. It
was then followed by the opening of the network to commercial
interests in 1995. Important separate networks that offered gateways
into, then later merged into the Internet include Usenet, Bitnet and
the various commercial and educational X.25 networks such as
Compuserve and JANET. The ability of TCP/IP to work over these
pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of
growth. Use of Internet as a phrase to describe a single global
TCP/IP network originated around this time.
The network gained a public face in the 1990s. In August 1991 CERN
in Switzerland publicized the new World Wide Web project, two years
after Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and the first
few web pages at CERN in Switzerland. In 1993 the National Center
for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign released the Mosaic web browser version 1.0, and by
late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously
academic/technical Internet. By 1996 the word "Internet" was common
public currency, but it referred almost entirely to the World Wide
Web.
Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully
accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer
networks (although some networks such as FidoNet have remained
separate). This growth is often attributed to the lack of central
administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well
as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which
encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from
exerting too much control over the network. |
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