Internet protocols
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In this context, there are three layers of protocols:IP TCP & UDPAt the lowest level is IP - the datagram which carries a block of
data from one node to another
next comes TCP & UDP - the protocols by which one host exchanges
data with another - the former making a virtual circuit giving some
level of guarantee of reliability, the latter being a best-effort
connection-less transport
on top comes the application protocol - the specific messages or
data stream used by the application running on the hosts to talk to
each other.
Unlike older communications systems, the Internet protocol suite was
deliberately designed to be independent of the underlying physical
medium. Any communications network, wired or wireless, that can
carry two-way digital data can carry Internet traffic. Thus,
Internet packets flow through wired networks like copper wire,
coaxial cable, and fiber optic; and through wireless networks like
Wi-Fi. Together, all these networks, sharing the same high-level
protocols, form the Internet. |
The Internet protocols originate from discussions within the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its working groups, which
are open to public participation and review. These committees
produce documents that are known as Request for Comments documents (RFCs).
Some RFCs are raised to the status of Internet Standard by the IETF
process.
Some of the most used application protocols in the Internet protocol
suite are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP,
HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, SSL, and TLS.
Some of the popular services on the Internet that make use of these
protocols are e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, file sharing, Instant
Messenger, the World Wide Web, Gopher, session access, WAIS, finger,
IRC, MUDs, and MUSHs. Of these, e-mail and the World Wide Web are
clearly the most used, and many other services are built upon them,
such as mailing lists and blogs. The Internet makes it possible to
provide real-time services such as Internet radio and web casts that
can be accessed from anywhere in the world.
Some other popular services of the Internet were not created this
way, but were originally based on proprietary systems. These include
IRC, ICQ, AIM, and Gnutella, although all of those mentioned now
have Free implementations, which in some cases are the most commonly
used.Internet structureThere have been many analyses of the Internet and its structure. For
example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing
structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of
scale-free networks.
Similar to how the commercial Internet providers connect via
Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect
into large sub networks such as:
GEANT
GLORIAD
Internet2
JANET (the UK's Joint Academic Network aka UKERNA)
These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks. See also
the list of academic computer network organizations
In network schematic diagrams, the Internet is often represented by
a cloud symbol, into and out of which network communications can
pass. |
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